Congo rebels muddy minerals market with illegal Rwanda exports, says UN report

Rebels in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo fraudulently exported at least 150 metric tons of coltan to Rwanda last year, leading to the largest contamination of the Great Lakes Region's mineral supply chain on record, U.N. experts said in a report.

The flows started after the M23 movement, a Tutsi-led organisation purportedly backed by Rwanda, seized the Rubaya area, which produces minerals used in smartphones and computers, following intense fighting in April.

M23's control of transport routes from Rubaya to Rwanda led to Rubaya minerals mixing in with Rwandan production, the U.N. Security Council's Group of Experts said in the report, published on Wednesday.

"This constitutes the most important contamination of supply chains with ineligible ... minerals recorded in the Great Lakes region over the last decade," the report said, referring to a vast area that includes north-east Congo, Rwanda, and other countries east of Congo.

Rwanda and M23 did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

The situation complicates procurement for technology manufacturers, who are under scrutiny to ensure that metals used in their products are not sourced from conflict zones like eastern Congo.

The report said the rebels established a so-called mining ministry in the occupied territory and ensured a monopoly for the export of coltan to Rwanda from Rubaya, which has one of the world's largest deposits of the strategic mineral.

In this way, the militants collected at least $800,000 per month in taxes on coltan production and trade in Rubaya, it said.

On the ground, the rebels doubled the wages of diggers to convince them to keep working in Rubaya and oversaw forced labour to widen roads to accommodate truck transport. They also patrolled the town and its mining sites to make sure minerals were only sold to authorised Congolese and Rwandan traders, it said.

In December, Congo filed criminal complaints against Apple subsidiaries in France and Belgium, accusing the tech firm of using conflict minerals in its supply chain. Apple disputes the allegations and says it has told its suppliers they must not use the minerals in question sourced from Congo or Rwanda.