Decline in natural gas price drove decrease in U.S. oil producer revenue in early 2024

Financial results for 36 publicly traded U.S. oil exploration and production (E&P) companies show that cash from operations in the first quarter of 2024 has decreased in real terms from the first quarter of 2023 due to lower natural gas prices.

Production expenses, which can also affect cash from operations, have stabilized after supply chain issues that caused increased costs appear to be largely resolved. Capital expenditures, which represent investment in oil and natural gas production, were flat over the same period.

In the first quarter of 2024, lower crude oil and natural gas prices helped reduce cash from operations by 12% compared with the first quarter of 2023, to $23.3 billion. Although West Texas Intermediate crude oil prices declined 2% over this period, U.S. crude oil production by these companies increased 5% to nearly 4.2 million barrels per day (b/d).

Relatively large production cuts by OPEC+ have supported crude oil prices and spurred production among non-OPEC+ sources, including U.S. producers. Increased production would normally result in more cash from operations, but substantially lower natural gas prices likely hampered revenue for these companies.

Natural gas prices fell 26% from the first quarter of 2023 to the first quarter of 2024 and reached their lowest average monthly inflation-adjusted price since at least 1997. Although the companies in this analysis focus on crude oil production, natural gas still typically makes up around 30% of what they produce because of associated natural gas present in crude oil deposits and more diversified operations by some of the E&P companies in the group.

Production expenses—such as the cost of goods sold, operating expenses, and production taxes—increased substantially per barrel of oil equivalent (BOE) in 2021 and 2022 as supply chain issues caused material and labor costs to more than double from the 2019 average. Production expenses have since declined, decreasing 40% between the second quarter of 2023 and the recent high in the second quarter of 2022.

Production expenses have been relatively flat since the second quarter of 2023, averaging $26/BOE. In addition to supply chain improvements, improved drilling productivity and increasing takeaway capacity in the Permian region have also reduced production expenses on a BOE basis.

We base our analysis on the published financial reports of 36 publicly traded oil companies that produce most of their crude oil in the United States. As a result, our observations do not represent the entire sector because we exclude private companies, which do not publish financial reports. The included 36 publicly traded companies accounted for 32% of the crude oil produced in the United States in the first quarter of 2024, or about 4.2 million barrels per day.